ZH
KR
JP
ES
RU
DEunit of spectrum
unit of spectrum, Total:213 items.
In the international standard classification, unit of spectrum involves: Quantities and units, Medical equipment, Fibre optic communications, Electrical accessories, Character symbols, Geology. Meteorology. Hydrology, Earthworks. Excavations. Foundation construction. Underground works, Telecommunication systems, Nuclear energy engineering, Plastics, Protection against fire, Analytical chemistry, Physics. Chemistry, Water quality, Protection against crime, Surface treatment and coating, Optics and optical measurements, Semiconducting materials, Construction materials, Metalliferous minerals, Organic chemicals, Inorganic chemicals, Ferrous metals, Radiation protection, Radiation measurements, Metrology and measurement in general.
International Telecommunication Union (ITU), unit of spectrum
- ITU-T G.654 SPANISH-2006 Characteristics of a cut-off shifted single-mode optical fibre and cable Caracteristicas de los cables de fibra optica monomodo con corte desplazado
- ITU-T G.654 CHINESE-2006 Characteristics of a cut-off shifted single-mode optical fibre and cable
- ITU-T G.654 RUSSIAN-2006 Characteristics of a cut-off shifted single-mode optical fibre and cable
- ITU-T G.654 FRENCH-2006 Characteristics of a cut-off shifted single-mode optical fibre and cable Caracteristiques des cables et fibres optiques monomodes a longueur d'onde de coupure decalee
- ITU-T G.653 RUSSIAN-2006 Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fibre and cable
- ITU-T G.653 ARABIC-2006 Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fibre and cable
- ITU-T G.653 CHINESE-2006 Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fibre and cable
- ITU-T G.653 FRENCH-2006 Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fibre and cable Caracteristiques des fibres et cables optiques monomodes a dispersion decalee
- ITU-T G.655 ARABIC-2006 Characteristics of a non-zero dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fibre and cable
- ITU-T G.655 CHINESE-2006 Characteristics of a non-zero dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fibre and cable
- ITU-T G.655 RUSSIAN-2006 Characteristics of a non-zero dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fibre and cable
- ITU-T G.655 SPANISH-2006 Characteristics of a non-zero dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fibre and cable Caracter韘ticas de fibras y cables opticos monomodo con dispersion desplazada no nula
- ITU-T G.654-2010 (Pre-Published) Characteristics of a cut-off shifted single-mode optical fibre and cable
- ITU-T G.653-2006 Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fibre and cable Study Group 15
- ITU-T G.653-2010 Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted, single-mode optical fibre and cable (Study Group 15)
- ITU-T G.655-2006 Characteristics of a non-zero dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fibre and cable Study Group 15
- ITU-T G.654-2006 Characteristics of a cut-off shifted single-mode optical fibre and cable Study Group 15
- ITU-T G.654-2012 Characteristics of a cut-off shifted single-mode optical fibre and cable (Study Group 15)
U.S. Air Force, unit of spectrum
PT-IPQ, unit of spectrum
British Standards Institution (BSI), unit of spectrum
- BS ISO 80000-7:2008 Quantities and units - Light
- BS ISO 80000-7:2009 Quantities and units. Light
- BS ISO 80000-7:2019 Quantities and units. Light and radiation
- BS ISO 5659-2:1995 Plastics. Smoke generation. Determination of specific optical density
- BS ISO 13166:2020 Water quality. Uranium isotopes. Test method using alpha-spectrometry
- BS DD ISO/TS 10867:2010 Nanotechnologies. Characterization of single-wall carbon nanotubes using near infrared photoluminescence spectroscopy
- BS ISO 8112:2023 Caprolactam for industrial use. Determination of colour of 50 % aqueous caprolactam solution, expressed in Hazen units (platinum-cobalt scale). Spectrometric method
- BS ISO 13166:2014 Water quality. Uranium isotopes. Test method using alpha-spectrometry
Indonesia Standards, unit of spectrum
SCC, unit of spectrum
- HOLDEN HN 1060-2001 60 Unit Gloss Paint
- ITU-T G.654-2020 Characteristics of a cut-off shifted single-mode optical fibre and cable
- AS 2900.6:1986 Quantities, units, and symbols - Quantities and units of light and related electromagnetic radiations
- AS 1671.1:1974 Methods for the analysis of lead alloys, Part 1: Antimony in lead alloys (Atomic absorption spectrometric method) - Metric Units
- AS 1673.1:1974 Methods for the analysis of iron ores: Part 1, Aluminium in iron ores (Atomic absorption spectrometric method) - Metric Units
- AS 1673.3:1974 Methods for the analysis of iron ores, Part 3 - Manganese in iron ores (Atomic absorption spectrometric method) - Metric Units
- NS-ISO 80000-7:2008 Quantities and units — Part 7: Light
- CEI UNI ISO 80000-7:2009 Quantities and units Part 7: Light
- AS 1378:1972 Method for spectrophotometric analysis of cement (metric units)
- AWWA JAW6196 Journal AWWA — Estimating Color in Hazen Units by Spectrophotometry
- DIN 1301-3 E:2017 Draft Document - Units - Conversion of non-SI units
- AS 1673.2:1974 Methods for the analysis of iron ores, Part 2 - Calcium and magnesium in iron ores (Atomic absorption spectrometric method) - Metric Units
- DIN 1301-1 Supplement 1:1982 Units; names and symbols analogous to units
- DIN 1301-3:2018 Units - Part 3: Conversion of non-SI units
- AS Z46:1967 The international system (SI) units
- DANSK DS/ISO 80000-7:2019 Quantities and units – Part 7: Light and radiation
- BS ISO 31-6:1992 Quantities and units. Light and related electromagnetic radiations
- AENOR UNE 5012:1953 EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN UNITS OF QUANTITY OF HEAT AND ENERGY
- 07/30126390 DC BS ISO 80000-7. Quantities and units. Part 7. Light
- NS-ISO 80000-7:2019 Quantities and units - Part 7: Light and radiation
- AS 2900.7:1986 Quantities, units, and symbols - Quantities and units of acoustics
- AS 1443:1973 Bright carbon steel and carbon-manganese steel bars (metric units)
- AS 2900.3:1986 Quantities, units, and symbols - Quantities and units of mechanics
- AS 2900.4:1986 Quantities, units, and symbols - Quantities and units of heat
- BS 5775-6:1982 Specification for quantities, units and symbols-Light and related electromagnetic radiations
- AS 2900.5:1986 Quantities, units, and symbols - Quantities and units of electricity and magnetism
- BS 5775-6:1993 Specification for quantities, units and symbols-Light and related electromagnetic radiations
- DIN 1301-1/A1 E:2023 Draft Document - Units - Part 1: Unit names, unit symbols - Amendment 1
YU-JUS, unit of spectrum
- JUS A.A1.028-1982 uantities, units and symbols. Quantities and units of lightand related electromagnetic radiations
- JUS A.A1.025-1980 Quantities, unitsand symbols. Quantities and units of mechanics
- JUS A.A1.026-1980 Quantities, units and symbols. Quantities and units of heat
American National Standards Institute (ANSI), unit of spectrum
- ANSI/TIA/EIA 78A-1990 Spectral-Attenuation Cutback Measurement for Single-Mode Optical Fibers
- ANSI/IEEE Std260.1:1993 American National Standard Letter Symbols for Units of Measurement ( SI Units, Customary Inch-Pound Units, and Certain Other Units)
- ANSI/TIA/EIA 455-124-1999 Polarization-Mode Dispersion Meaurement for Single-Mode Optical Fibers by Interferometric Method
- ANSI/EIA/TIA 492BB00:1989 Blank Detail Specification for Class lVb Dispersion-Shifted Single Mode Optical Waveguide Fibers
- ANSI/TIA/EIA 492CAAA-1998 Detail Specification for Class IVa Dispersion-Unshifted Single-Mode Optical Fibers
SE-SIS, unit of spectrum
TIA - Telecommunications Industry Association, unit of spectrum
- EIA-455-78-1987 FTOP-78 Spectral-Attenuation Cutback Measurement for Single-Mode Optical Fibres
- EIA/TIA-455-78A-1990 FTOP-78 Spectral-Attenuation Cutback Measurement for Single-Mode Optical Fibres
- TIA/EIA-492CA00-1998 Blank Detail Specification for Class IVa Dispersion-Unshifted Single Mode Optical Fibers
- EIA-492BA00-1988 Blank Detail Specification for Class IVa Dispersion-Unshifted Single-Mode Optical Waveguide Fibers
AT-ON, unit of spectrum
- ONORM A 6432-1986 International System of Units (SI); SI units, decimal multiples and sub-multiples of SI units, units outside the SI
- ONORM A 6437-1989 Light and other optical radiations; quantities and units
ZA-SANS, unit of spectrum
Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC), unit of spectrum
German Institute for Standardization, unit of spectrum
- DIN 32635:1992 Spectrophotometrical analysis of solutions; terms, symbols, units
- DIN 50990:1993 Measurement of coating thickness; determination of the mass per unit area of metallic coatings by atomic absorption spectrometric method; flame method, F AAS
- DIN 1301-3:1979 Units; Conversions of Units No Longer to be Used
- DIN 1301-1 Bb.1:1982 Units; names and symbols analogous to units
- DIN 1301-1:2010 Units - Part 1: Unit names, unit symbols
- DIN 1301-1 Beiblatt 1:1982-04 Units; names and symbols analogous to units
- DIN 1301-3:2018-02 Units - Part 3: Conversion of non-SI units
- DIN 1301-1:2010-10 Units - Part 1: Unit names, unit symbols
- DIN 1349-1:1972 Transmisson of optical radiation; optical clear (nonscattering) media, quantities, symbols and units
- DIN 1301-1:2002 Units - Part 1: Unit names, unit symbols
- DIN 1349-1:1972-06 Transmisson of optical radiation; optical clear (nonscattering) media, quantities, symbols and units
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), unit of spectrum
- IEEE 260.1-2004 Standard Letter Symbols for Units of Measurement (SI Units, Customary Inch-Pound Units, and Certain Other Units)
- IEEE 260.1-1993 Letter symbols for units of measurement (SI units, customary inch-pound units, and certain other units)
- IEEE 260-1978 IEEE Standard Letter Symbols for Units of Measurement (SI Units, Customary Inch-Pound Units, and Certain Other Units)
- IEEE P260.1/D18, August 2022 IEEE Draft Standard Letter Symbols for Units of Measurement (SI Units, Customary Inch-Pound Units, and Certain Other Units)
- IEEE P260.1/D19, February 2023 IEEE Draft Standard Letter Symbols for Units of Measurement (SI Units, Customary Inch-Pound Units, and Certain Other Units)
- IEEE P260.1 IEEE Draft Standard Letter Symbols for Units of Measurement (SI Units, Customary Inch-Pound Units, and Certain Other Units)
- ANSI/IEEE Std 260.1-1993 American National Standard Letter Symbols for Units of Measurement (SI Units, Customary Inch-Pound Units, and Certain Other Units)
- IEEE Std 260.1-2004 IEEE Standard Letter Symbols for Units of Measurement (SI Customary Inch-Pound Units, and Certain Other Units)
BR-ABNT, unit of spectrum
TH-TISI, unit of spectrum
- TIS 235.7-2012 Quantities and units.part 7: light
- TIS 1675-1998 Caprolactam for industrial use.determination of colour of 50% aqueous caprolactam solution,expressed in hazen units (platinum.cobalt scale).spectrometric method
Association Francaise de Normalisation, unit of spectrum
未注明發(fā)布機構(gòu), unit of spectrum
Professional Standard - Ocean, unit of spectrum
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), unit of spectrum
- ISO 80000-7:2008 Quantities and units - Part 7: Light
- ISO 31-6:1980 Quantities and units of light and related electromagnetic radiations
- ISO 13166:2020 Water quality — Uranium isotopes — Test method using alpha-spectrometry
- ISO 1000:1992 SI units and recommendations for the use of their multiples and of certain other units
- ISO 80000-7:2019 Quantities and units — Part 7: Light and radiation
- ISO/PRF 8112:2023 Caprolactam for industrial use — Determination of colour of 50 % aqueous caprolactam solution, expressed in Hazen units (platinum-cobalt scale) — Spectrometric method
- ISO 8112:2023 Caprolactam for industrial use — Determination of colour of 50 % aqueous caprolactam solution, expressed in Hazen units (platinum-cobalt scale) — Spectrometric method
- ISO 13166:2014 Water quality - Uranium isotopes - Test method using alpha-spectrometry
- ISO 8112:1984 Caprolactam for industrial use; Determination of colour of 50 % aqueous caprolactam solution, expressed in Hazen units (platinum-cobalt scale); Spectrometric method
- ISO 1000:1992/Amd 1:1998 SI units and recommendations for the use of their multiples and of certain other units; Amendment 1
- ISO/DIS 8112 Caprolactam for industrial use — Determination of colour of 50 % aqueous caprolactam solution, expressed in Hazen units (platinum-cobalt scale) — Spectrometric method
- ISO 31-6:1980/Amd 1:1985 Quantities and units of light and related electromagnetic radiations — Amendment 1
- ISO/TS 10867:2019 Nanotechnologies — Characterization of single-wall carbon nanotubes using near infrared photoluminescence spectroscopy
CZ-CSN, unit of spectrum
- CSN 01 1306-1986 Quantities and units of light and related electromagnetic radiations
American Concrete Institute, unit of spectrum
- ACI 310.1-2020 Specification for Polished Concrete Slab Finishes (IN-LB Units and SI Units)
RO-ASRO, unit of spectrum
- STAS 740-1967 Size and units of energy and photometric radiation
- STAS 9446-1985 USING OF MEASURE LEGAL UNITS OUTSIDE THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS
- STAS 737/8-1984 International Svstem of Units (SI) UNITS OF MECHANICS
國家技術(shù)監(jiān)督局, unit of spectrum
- GB/T 3102.6-1993 Quantities and units of light and related electromagnetic radiations
BE-NBN, unit of spectrum
- NBN X 02-106-1990 Quantifies and units of light and related electromagnetic radiations
- NBN L 01-001-1980 Vocabulary of photometry Notions - Quantities - Units
- NBN T 04-333-1988 Caprolactam for industrial use - Determination of colour of 5 0 %aqueous caprolactam solution, expressed in Hazen units (platinum-cobalt scale) - Spectrometric method
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People‘s Republic of China, unit of spectrum
- GB 3102.6-1993 Quantities and units of light and related electromagnetic radiations
- GB/T 13701-1992 Isotopic analysis of uranium by single-standard gas mass-spectrometer method
- GB/T 9771.4-2008 Single-mode optical fibres for telecommunication.Part 4:Charaterisics of a dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fibre
- GB/T 9771.1-2008 Single-mode optical fibres for telecommunication.Part 1:Characteristics of a dispersion unshifted single-mode optical fibre
- GB/T 9771.2-2008 Single-mode optical fibres for telecommunication.Part 2:Charaterisics of a cut-off wavelength shifted single-mode optical fibre
- GB/T 9771.5-2008 Single-mode optical fibres for telecommunication.Part 5:Charaterisics of a non-zero dispersion shifted single-mode optical fibre
- GB/T 9771.4-2000 The series of single-mode optical fibres for telecommunication Part 4:Characteristics of a dispersion shifted single-mode optical fibre
- GB/T 9771.3-2008 Single-mode optical fibres for telecommunication.Part 3:Characteristics of an extended wavelength band dispersion unshifted single-mode optical fibre
- GB/T 9771.1-2000 The series of single-mode optical fibres for telecommunication Part 1:Characteristics of a dispersion unshifted single-mode optical fibre
- GB/T 32871-2016 Characterization of single-walled carbon nanotubes by Raman spectroscopy
- GB/T 29856-2013 Characterization of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes using near infrared photoluminescence spectroscopy
- GB/T 9771.2-2000 The series of single-mode optical fibres for telecommunication Part 2:Characteristics of a cut-off wavelength shifted single-mode optical fibre
- GB/T 9771.5-2000 The series of single-mode optical fibres for telecommunication Part 5:Characteristics of a non-zero dispersion shifted single-mode optical fibre
- GB/T 9771.3-2000 The series of single-mode optical fibres for telecommunication Part 3:Characteristics of an extended wavelength band dispersion unshifted single-mode optical fibre
VN-TCVN, unit of spectrum
Danish Standards Foundation, unit of spectrum
Taiwan Provincial Standard of the People's Republic of China, unit of spectrum
- CNS 13837-1997 Dispersion-shifted single-mode optical cable characteristics
- CNS 11296-6-1985 Quantities and Units of Light and Related Electromgenetic Radiations
- CNS 11296.6-1985 Quantities and Units of Light and Related Electromgenetic Radiations
Korean Agency for Technology and Standards (KATS), unit of spectrum
- KS A ISO 80000-7:2010 Quantities and units-Part 7:Light
- KS A ISO 80000-7:2015 Quantities and units-Part 7:Light
- KS A ISO 80000-7:2020 Quantities and units — Part 7: Light and radiation
- KS M ISO 8112-2023 Caprolactam for industrial use-Determination of colour of 50 % aqueous caprolactam solution, expressed in Hazen units(platinum-cobalt scale)-Spectrometric method
- KS M ISO 8112-2008(2018) Caprolactam for industrial use-Determination of colour of 50 % aqueous caprolactam solution, expressed in Hazen units(platinum-cobalt scale)-Spectrometric method
- KS A ISO 31-6:2012 Quantities and units-Part 6:Light and related electromagnetic radiations
- KS M ISO 8112:2008 Caprolactam for industrial use-Determination of colour of 50 % aqueous caprolactam solution, expressed in Hazen units(platinum-cobalt scale)-Spectrometric method
- KS A ISO 31-6-2001(2006) Quantities and units-Part 6:Light and related electromagnetic radiations
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), unit of spectrum
- ASTM E2313-08 Standard Test Method for Aldehydes in Mono-, Di-, and Triethylene Glycol (Spectrophotometric Method)
- ASTM E1840-96(2022) Standard Guide for Raman Shift Standards for Spectrometer Calibration
- ASTM E1840-96(2002) Standard Guide for Raman Shift Standards for Spectrometer Calibration
- ASTM E2193-16 Standard Test Method for Ultraviolet Transmittance of Monoethylene Glycol (using Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry)
司法部, unit of spectrum
- SF/T 0080-2020 Laser microscopy Raman spectroscopy for comparative testing of single fibers
GSO, unit of spectrum
- GSO ISO 17925:2013 Zinc and/or aluminium based coatings on steel -- Determination of coating mass per unit area and chemical composition -- Gravimetry, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and flame atomic absorption spectrometry
- GSO ISO 80000-7:2022 Quantities and units — Part 7: Light and radiation
- BH GSO ISO 80000-7:2023 Quantities and units — Part 7: Light and radiation
- GSO ISO 8112:2013 Caprolactam for industrial use - Determination of colour of 50 % aqueous caprolactam solution, expressed in Hazen units (platinum-cobalt scale) - Spectrometric method
- OS GSO ISO 8112:2013 Caprolactam for industrial use - Determination of colour of 50 % aqueous caprolactam solution, expressed in Hazen units (platinum-cobalt scale) - Spectrometric method
- OS GSO 1:1990 The international system of units Part 1: Quantities and base,supplementary and derived units.
- BH GSO ISO 8112:2016 Caprolactam for industrial use - Determination of colour of 50 % aqueous caprolactam solution, expressed in Hazen units (platinum-cobalt scale) - Spectrometric method
- GSO 1:1990 The international system of units Part 1: Quantities and base,supplementary and derived units.
- GSO ISO 13166:2015 Water quality -- Uranium isotopes -- Test method using alpha-spectrometry
ITU-T - International Telecommunication Union/ITU Telcommunication Sector, unit of spectrum
- ITU-T G.654-2016 Characteristics of a cut-off shifted single-mode optical fibre and cable (Study Group 15)
Group Standards of the People's Republic of China, unit of spectrum
- T/ZZB 042-2015 Characteristics of an extended wavelength band dispersion unshifted single-mode optical fibre
- T/IAWBS 018-2022 Test method for dislocation density of diamond single crystal polished wafers
- T/IAWBS 014-2021 Test method for dislocation density of silicon carbide polished wafers
- T/CSTM 00011-2017 General Rules for In Situ Statistical Distribution Analysis Method of Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
- T/CSTM 00011E-2021 General rules for original position statistic distribution analysis by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy
- T/QGCML 885-2023 Non-dispersion-shifted single-mode fiber with extended wavelength range for communication
- T/ZZB 0182-2017 Extended wavelength band dispersion unshifted single-mode optical fibre preform
國家市場監(jiān)督管理總局、中國國家標準化管理委員會, unit of spectrum
- GB/T 9771.4-2020 Single-mode optical fibres for telecommunication—Part 4: Characteristics of a dispersion shifted single-mode optical fibre
- GB/T 9771.1-2020 Single-mode optical fibres for telecommunication—Part 1: Characteristics of a dispersion unshifted single-mode optical fibre
- GB/T 9771.2-2020 Single-mode optical fibres for telecommunication—Part 2: Characteristics of a cut-off wavelength shifted single-mode optical fibre
- GB/T 9771.5-2020 Single-mode optical fibres for telecommunication—Part 5: Characteristics of a non-zero dispersion shifted single-mode optical fibre
- GB/T 9771.3-2020 Single-mode optical fibres for telecommunication—Part 3: Characteristics of an extended wavelength band dispersion unshifted single-mode optical fibre
Professional Standard - Post and Telecommunication, unit of spectrum
- YD/T 593-1992 Characteristics of dispersion shift mono-mode optical fiber at 1550nm band
- YD/T 1001-2014 Characteristics of a non-zero dispersion-shsfted single-mode optical fibre
- YD/T 1001-1999 Characteristics of a non-zero dispersion shifted single-mode optical fibre
- YD/T 1766-2008 Failure Criteria of Reliability Tests for Optical Transceiver/Transponder Used in Optical Communications
The American Road & Transportation Builders Association, unit of spectrum
工業(yè)和信息化部, unit of spectrum
- YD/T 3348-2018 Cutoff wavelength shift single mode fiber characteristics
Jilin Provincial Standard of the People's Republic of China, unit of spectrum
PL-PKN, unit of spectrum
- PN C45301-04-1993 Caprolactam Method of test Determination of colour of 50% a?ueous caprolactam solution, expressed in Ha-zen units Spectrometric method
KR-KS, unit of spectrum
- KS A ISO 80000-7-2020 Quantities and units — Part 7: Light and radiation
- KS M ISO 8112-2008(2023) Caprolactam for industrial use-Determination of colour of 50 % aqueous caprolactam solution, expressed in Hazen units(platinum-cobalt scale)-Spectrometric method
CENELEC - European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization, unit of spectrum
- EN 188102:1995 Family Specification: Single-Mode Dispersion Shifted (B2) Optical Fibre
Professional Standard - Nuclear Industry, unit of spectrum
- EJ/T 860-1994 Determination of lead isotope emission spectrometry in uranium-bearing rocks
National Metrological Verification Regulations of the People's Republic of China, unit of spectrum
- JJG 384-2002 Verification Regulation of Spectral Irradiance Standard Lamps
RU-GOST R, unit of spectrum
- GOST 8.417-2002 State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. Units of quantities
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), unit of spectrum
- ETSI I-ETS 300 228-1993 Transmission and Multiplexing (TM); ITU-T Recommendation G.653-Type Dispersion Shifted Single-Mode Optical Fibre
CL-INN, unit of spectrum
AENOR, unit of spectrum
- UNE 82100-6:1996 QUANTITIES AND UNITS. PART 6: LIGHT AND RELATED ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATIONS.
SAE - SAE International, unit of spectrum
- SAE AS273-1953 POSITION LIGHT FLASHERS: SINGLE-CIRCUIT (Personal Aircraft Types)
Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), unit of spectrum
- SAE AS273-2002 Position Light Flashers: Single-Circuit (Personal Aircraft Types)